RHR Analysis Evaluate: MS, Teen Prediabetes, Sleep Deprivation & Fats, Cognitive Decline, Leisure & Loneliness, and Sunscreens

On this episode, we talk about:

• Antibody reactivity to dairy proteins in individuals with a number of sclerosis
• Alarming charges and potential causes of prediabetes in teenagers
• Statistics exhibiting that inadequate sleep contributes to belly fats accumulation
• The rise in instances of cognitive decline in older individuals
• How leisure time can scale back the loneliness that negatively influences well-being, significantly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic
• Carcinogens in sunscreen and the most secure sunscreen choices

Present notes:

• Examine: Antibody Cross-Reactivity Between Casein and Myelin-Related Glycoprotein Leads to Central Nervous System Demyelination
• Examine: Developments in Prediabetes Amongst Youths within the US From 1999 Via 2018
• Examine: Results of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Vitality Consumption, Vitality Expenditure, and Visceral Weight problems
• Examine: Time Developments in Incidence of Reported Reminiscence Issues and Cognitive Decline: a Cohort Examine in UK Major Care
• Examine: Relationships of Leisure Social Help and Circulate With Loneliness in Worldwide College students in Taiwan: Implications Through the COVID 19 Pandemic
• Environmental Working Group web site
• Be part of us in individual at Snowbird Resort this Labor Day weekend. Early Chook registration is now open. Go to Kresser.co/adaptlive to study extra and safe your spot.

Hey, everyone, Chris Kresser right here. Welcome to a different episode of Revolution Well being Radio. This week, we’re going to do one other analysis evaluation episode. I recorded the primary one in every of these a couple of weeks in the past, and we bought a variety of nice suggestions about it, so I’m contemplating making it an everyday characteristic.

Antibody Reactivity to Casein Protein in Individuals with A number of Sclerosis

The primary research is about milk and [multiple sclerosis]. The research was referred to as Antibody Cross-Reactivity Between Casein and Myelin-Related Glycoprotein Leads to Central Nervous System Demyelination. That’s a mouthful. And it was revealed in PNAS. I feel this can be a actually necessary research as a result of the researchers discovered that casein, which is a protein in cow’s milk, can set off irritation within the myelin sheath across the nerves within the mind. If you concentrate on our nervous system [as] a bundle of wires, which it form of is, the myelin sheath is just like the insulation round these wires. It helps stop brief circuits, so to talk, and likewise helps with [the] conduction of nerve impulses. The researchers suspected that the rationale this occurred was molecular mimicry. What this implies is that the physique produces antibodies to casein, which is the protein in milk, [and], for no matter motive, in individuals with [multiple sclerosis], and I’d argue different autoimmune ailments at instances, I’ll come again to that, see this casein protein as a overseas invader, as one thing that shouldn’t be current. It produces antibodies in opposition to that protein in the same manner [to how] our physique would produce antibodies in opposition to a virus or micro organism or one thing else that’s pathogenic and doesn’t belong.

However the antibodies which can be produced in opposition to this casein protein additionally find yourself attacking proteins within the myelin sheath across the nerves. That’s this phenomenon of molecular mimicry, the place antibodies which can be produced initially in opposition to one compound or antigen find yourself cross-reacting and attacking our personal self-tissue. This may occur with gluten. That’s most likely the place molecular mimicry is finest identified, in instances of celiac illness or non-celiac wheat or gluten intolerance. However this research reveals that it’s additionally taking place with milk proteins in individuals with a number of sclerosis. So that is, I feel, actually attention-grabbing in mild of Terry Wahls’ work and likewise the Autoimmune Protocol. These of you [who] are conversant in this know that, within the autoimmune illness group, [and] significantly within the Purposeful Medication, Purposeful Well being, and ancestral well being areas, there’s been a dietary protocol for addressing these situations. It’s been round for a few years. Generally it’s known as AIP. That’s one protocol, [the] Autoimmune Protocol.

Dr. Terry Wahls, who suffered from [multiple sclerosis] herself and made a exceptional restoration, additionally has her personal model of this food plan. It includes eradicating all dairy merchandise from the food plan in addition to different meals like peppers, nightshades, nuts and seeds, grains, legumes, and many others. As a result of all these meals both can set off intestine points that disrupt the immune system, or they’ll trigger antibody manufacturing, which then triggers this molecular mimicry phenomenon that we’re speaking about proper now. There was some revealed peer-reviewed analysis supporting AIP. In truth, I’ve had Dr. Wahls on the podcast a couple of instances to speak about her groundbreaking analysis on this space. However past Dr. Wahls’ work and some different papers, there hasn’t been a variety of formal analysis supporting AIP and [the] elimination of dairy merchandise for individuals with autoimmune illness. So this research provides to that, and particularly, for sufferers with a number of sclerosis, means that consuming dairy proteins may very well exacerbate the situation and even contribute to it creating within the first place. [However,] that was not studied on this research, and I’ve some questions on that.

I simply need to point out a few issues right here. The primary is that, whereas this research does present that dairy proteins can contribute to or exacerbate [multiple sclerosis], it doesn’t recommend that dairy proteins are dangerous [to] everyone. That’s an necessary distinction. It’s tempting to return to that conclusion. However that’s not in any respect what this research suggests. There could also be options [in] individuals with autoimmune illness that make them inclined to this sort of molecular mimicry from dairy proteins that individuals who should not have autoimmune illness don’t have, and it could even be significantly particular to individuals with [multiple sclerosis]. So bear in mind, with food plan, there’s no “one-size-fits-all” strategy. There are all the time individuals who say, “This meals is unhealthy for everyone; that meals is sweet for everyone.” And positively, we will say that sugar, refined sugar and flour, industrial seed oils, and meals like which can be unhealthy for everyone and sure meals are good for everyone. However there’s a restricted variety of these. In the case of selecting the very best food plan for ourselves as people, there actually isn’t any “one-size-fits-all” strategy. It’s necessary to contemplate an entire bunch of various variables, and likewise do a variety of experimentation to seek out [the] finest food plan for you. However, I feel this can be a very attention-grabbing research, and it contributes to a variety of anecdotal proof and a few revealed, peer-reviewed proof suggesting that dairy proteins and dairy merchandise, basically, is probably not a good suggestion for individuals with autoimmune illness.

Alarming Charges of Prediabetes in Teenagers and Potential Causes

The following research checked out charges of prediabetes in teenagers during the last 20 years. It’s referred to as Developments in Prediabetes Amongst Youths within the US From 1999 Via 2018, and it was revealed in JAMA Pediatrics. The statistics on this research are, frankly, fairly alarming. They recommend that one in 5 teenagers now have prediabetes. Let that sink in for a second. One in 5 teenagers now has prediabetes. This can be a horrific failure of public well being. We all know from an enormous physique of proof that folks with prediabetes progress to full-fledged kind 2 diabetes [at] an annualized charge of 5 to 10 %. And 70 % of people which can be identified with prediabetes will ultimately develop diabetes. So this makes it extraordinarily seemingly that with out intervention, if somebody is identified with diabetes as a young person, they may nearly actually go on to develop full-fledged kind 2 diabetes. And possibly fairly early of their life, given the statistics that I simply talked about. This can be a enormous downside as a result of we all know that folks with kind 2 diabetes have the next threat of coronary heart and blood vessel injury and coronary heart assaults, nerve injury, kidney injury, eye injury, [and] foot injury. They develop osteoporosis at the next charge, they’ve a decreased high quality of life, and so they have a a lot larger threat of Alzheimer’s [disease] and dementia later in life.

When you recall from the primary analysis evaluation [that I did], I shared a research that instructed that our blood glucose ranges as early as age 35 will predict our Alzheimer’s illness threat later in life. If a rising variety of teenagers are being identified with kind 2 diabetes at that age, then think about what that’s going to do to the chance of Alzheimer’s [disease] and dementia 30, 40, [or] 50 years later of their life. The researchers on this paper didn’t speculate on the reason for these elevated charges of prediabetes in teenagers, however I’ll speculate on it. When you take a look at different research, you see that the typical American, and I’d prolong this to different industrialized international locations (it’s not fairly as unhealthy, however they’re catching up), the typical American will get 60 % of their energy from ultra-processed meals. Not simply processed meals, [but] ultra-processed meals. These are extremely refined meals like pizza, cookies, crackers, muffins, sugar-sweetened drinks, all of the processed and refined junk that you just see at fast-food eating places and comfort shops, and issues like this. These sources now comprise greater than half of the energy that folks eat. And that is true for youngsters, as effectively. It might be much more true for youngsters. I haven’t seen particular research on the proportion of energy from ultra-processed meals on this age group, however there are undoubtedly developments in meals consumption in teenagers that match or exceed what we see in adults. So one downside is food plan. An enormous downside.

Quantity two is lack of bodily exercise. Research have proven that school-aged kids, together with teenagers, are sedentary for eight or extra of their every day waking hours on common, and most are participating in extreme display screen time. So sedentary time is a novel downside. It’s not simply [a] lack of train or bodily exercise. Somebody might train for a half-hour a day, but when they’re sedentary for the remainder of that day, then there’s nonetheless going to be an elevated threat of ailments like kind 2 diabetes. It’s not sufficient simply to get a brief interval of train every day. When you’re sitting for an especially lengthy interval of the day, then that confers its personal distinctive threat. I’ve written and talked so much about this over time, and I’m positive this isn’t the primary time you’re listening to about it. However it’s undoubtedly, in my thoughts, a contributor to this enhance in prediabetes threat in teenagers.

The third reason for this, in my estimation, is lack of sleep. We all know that there’s now an epidemic of sleep deprivation in youngsters, which is, partially, brought on by extreme display screen use. Bringing telephones into the bed room [and] texting throughout the evening, but additionally simply busier schedules, extra actions, extra homework, and simply common developments. If a teen shouldn’t be getting sufficient sleep, we all know that even a single evening of sleep deprivation may cause insulin resistance the subsequent day. It might probably trigger a rise in meals consumption, [and] it could possibly trigger a lower in judgment round meals decisions. And that’s simply from one evening. So think about what occurs over an prolonged interval of not getting sufficient sleep. You set all these three elements collectively—extraordinarily poor vitamin, excessive charges of sedentary time, and an epidemic of sleep deprivation—then that may actually clarify this alarming enhance in prediabetes in youngsters and youths, and that is one thing that I’m actually keen about. We have to get our act collectively right here. It’s one factor with adults; it’s clearly a really unhealthy sample with adults. However with youngsters, we’re setting them up for a lifetime of struggling and power illness, and that’s simply not okay. Hopefully, this could be a wake-up name, and we will actually make some progress towards supporting teenagers in making higher decisions.

Inadequate Sleep as a Contributor to Stomach Fats Accumulation

Alongside related traces, the subsequent research checked out how sleep deprivation will increase belly fats. It’s referred to as Results of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Vitality Consumption, Vitality Expenditure, and Visceral Weight problems, and it was revealed within the Journal of the American Faculty of Cardiology. This was a randomized, managed crossover research, which is a very nice research design. Sort of [a] gold customary. They discovered that lack of enough sleep led to a 9 % enhance in complete belly fats space and [an] 11 % enhance in belly visceral fats in comparison with getting sufficient sleep. As I simply talked about, this can be a enormous challenge as a result of such a big share of individuals now don’t get sufficient sleep. The latest statistics recommend {that a} third of People get fewer than six hours of sleep. That’s up from just some % again within the Sixties. This has been a development over the previous 50 years, [and] it’s getting worse and worse. I need to learn you a quote from Dr. Verand Summers, who was the lead creator of the research. “Our findings present that shortened sleep, even in younger, wholesome and comparatively lean topics, is related to a rise in calorie consumption, a really small enhance in weight, and a major enhance in fats accumulation contained in the stomach. This implies that insufficient sleep is a beforehand unrecognized set off for visceral fats deposition and that catch-up sleep, no less than within the short-term, doesn’t reverse the visceral fats accumulation. Within the long-term, these findings implicate insufficient sleep as a contributor to the epidemics of weight problems, cardiovascular and metabolic ailments.”

I need to spotlight one a part of that quote that I feel is very necessary, which is that catch-up sleep doesn’t reverse the visceral fats accumulation. What he means by that’s, let’s say you go three, 4 weeks with out getting sufficient sleep, [and] you’re significantly sleep-deprived. And also you accumulate some visceral or belly fats throughout that interval. Then for the subsequent three or 4 weeks, you attempt to make up for that sleep deprivation by sleeping a bit of bit further. What this research suggests is that further catch-up sleep doesn’t truly reverse the belly fats accumulation. I’m not saying this to scare you as a result of look, there are conditions in life the place it won’t all the time be potential to get as a lot sleep as we would like. [There could be] some traumatic occasion, automobile accident, sickness, or only a significantly tough time at work, or for those who’re an entrepreneur, one thing associated to your individual enterprise. There are numerous totally different causes that folks could go a time frame with out getting sufficient sleep. The concept right here is to not make us really feel responsible about [the] issues we will’t management. I point out this as a result of, in lots of instances, the quantity of sleep we get comes right down to decisions that we do make and that we do have management over. Staying up late shopping the web, watching TV, not making it a precedence to get into mattress early and get seven or eight hours of sleep. That’s a much more frequent reason for not getting sufficient sleep, no less than within the [United States] and different developed international locations. I hope that this research reveals how necessary it’s to get that sleep as a result of, if we don’t, that visceral belly fats accumulation can begin and is probably not simply reversible. That’s one of many key findings of this research.

It’s actually necessary to proceed to make sleep a really excessive precedence in our life and to guard that [priority] in opposition to a variety of the encroaching threats to sleep, significantly display screen time, as I’ve mentioned so much earlier than. Utilizing screens actually near mattress[time] can suppress melatonin manufacturing and provides us [the] nighttime second wind that lots of people expertise [that] then make[s] it much less seemingly that we’ll go to mattress within the first place. It’s actually necessary as a beginning place to prioritize sleep and make sufficient time for sleep, and make it an enormous precedence in your life. Then, second, to comply with good sleep hygiene practices. Within the final analysis evaluation, we talked a couple of research exhibiting that even reasonable mild publicity throughout nighttime sleep can enhance insulin resistance the subsequent day. That’s a very good instance [of why] we need to sleep in a cool, darkish room [and] we need to do away with something that emits mild, like a digital alarm clock or a cellphone. You’ll be able to have a nightlight with [an] amber or crimson tint for those who want to have the ability to see to rise up and go to the toilet or one thing like that. We need to not use screens inside an hour of mattress[time], [and] we need to guarantee that our sleep setting is quiet. All of the issues that we’ve talked about prior to now, that’s the easiest way to do it and guarantee that we get sufficient sleep.

Hear my ideas and insights on some just lately revealed research that I’ve discovered particularly attention-grabbing on this episode of Revolution Well being Radio #chriskresser #educator

The Improve in Incidence of Cognitive Decline in Older Populations

The following research checked out instances of cognitive decline in older individuals and located that they’ve doubled within the final 10 years. This research was referred to as Time Developments and Incidence of Reported Reminiscence Issues and Cognitive Decline: a Cohort Examine in UK Major Care, and it was revealed within the Journal of Medical Epidemiology. The researchers checked out 1.3 million adults between 65 and 99 years outdated, and this was between 2009 and the top of 2018, so roughly a 10-year interval. They discovered that for each 1,000 those that have been noticed for a yr in 2009, there was one new case of cognitive decline being recorded. By 2018, for each 1,000 those that have been noticed for a yr, there have been three new instances of cognitive decline being recorded. So this can be a tripling in threat from 0.1 % to 0.3 %. As you’ll word, absolute threat remains to be comparatively low. We talked in regards to the distinction between absolute and relative threat [in] the final Analysis Evaluate [episode of the podcast] and we’ve talked about [it] earlier than. However on this case, I’d argue that the implications are nonetheless vital. Though absolutely the threat is comparatively low, we noticed a tripling in that threat. This research additionally confirmed that 46 % of individuals reporting a reminiscence concern and 52 % of individuals reporting cognitive decline would go on to develop dementia inside three years.

We additionally know that instances of Alzheimer’s illness are rising quickly, and reminiscence points and cognitive decline might be early indicators of Alzheimer’s [disease]. So this research and [also] the sooner one about larger charges of prediabetes and youths are actually disturbing. However they will also be considered as alternatives or wake-up calls. The fact is we all know learn how to handle these things. We all know what to do; we simply must make it a precedence and take motion. I hoped [that] the COVID-19 pandemic would spur us ahead on this regard as a result of we noticed throughout the pandemic that folks with diabetes, weight problems, and different power situations have been at larger threat of a extreme consequence. I had hoped that will result in extra public well being focus and a spotlight on these power life-style ailments and we’d see a higher effort throughout the public well being infrastructure to deal with them. Sadly, that didn’t occur. There was simply much more deal with the short-term steps that we might take to deal with the pandemic and not likely a lot deal with the underlying well being points that dramatically enhance the chance of extreme outcomes with COVID-19. It’s as much as us now to take these steps ahead, and research just like the one earlier than in regards to the enhance in charges of prediabetes in teenagers after which this one about [the] enhance in cognitive decline in aged individuals ought to be that wake-up name. [They] ought to be that motivation to assist us transfer ahead right here.

How Leisure Time and the Circulate State Can Cut back Loneliness

The following research was a very attention-grabbing one and it checked out this query [of], “Is free time overrated?” It’s referred to as Relationships of Leisure Social Help and Circulate With Loneliness in Worldwide College students in Taiwan: Implications Through the COVID 19 Pandemic, and was revealed in Leisure Sciences. What the researchers set out to have a look at on this research is learn how to mitigate the unfavorable impacts of loneliness. I’ve talked in regards to the results of social isolation and loneliness earlier than. In truth, I discussed it in my first guide, The Paleo Treatment. Loneliness and social isolation are higher predictor[s] of early demise than physique mass index, alcohol consumption, and even smoking 15 cigarettes a day, which is simply exceptional. I don’t assume most individuals are conscious of that. It’s actually not one thing that tends to return up within the dialogue of a very powerful elements that decide our well being span. However it undoubtedly is, and a variety of researchers on this area are conscious of this. The research authors discovered that participating in significant, difficult actions throughout free time can scale back individuals’s loneliness and enhance their optimistic emotions, even when they don’t have extra social connection throughout that interval. That is an try to reply the query, “How can we mitigate the impacts of loneliness when social connection isn’t obtainable?” This, in fact, was a difficulty throughout [the] COVID-19 pandemic when lots of people have been locked down and caught on their very own. COVID[-19] actually worsened loneliness and social isolation for lots of people, and we’re now seeing much more analysis on this space.

This research challenged the notion that free time is all the time fascinating or optimum. The researchers discovered that individuals who had significant and difficult experiences, even on their very own, have been much less lonely. This doesn’t shock me in any respect. It undoubtedly suits with my private expertise. I all the time have one thing that I’m engaged in and making an attempt to study and grasp. Recently, throughout the winter, that [thing has] been snowboarding. I like snowboarding, however I’m not a ski racer or something. However I take it fairly critically and I work with a coach, and I ski with a buddy who takes video of me and I take video of him and we ship it to our coach and the coach makes a variety of recommendations. I’m all the time making an attempt to enhance my snowboarding, and that retains me actually engaged and makes it extra significant and enjoyable. I’m typically engaged on some form of art-related venture [like] images [or] creating artwork for my house, [or] possibly I’m studying a brand new musical instrument. Final yr, my purpose was to get again to being fluent in Spanish, which I was, however I’ve fallen out of shape [with]. I’m all the time making an attempt to interact in these sorts of experiences that can assist me develop. I’ve discovered [that] in my very own life, these [experiences] simply make my life so a lot better. So I used to be actually to see this research as a result of that’s precisely what the research outcomes discovered, as effectively.

Once we’re engaged in what we’re doing, we enter what psychologists name the move state. To realize a move state, an exercise has to require a reasonably good quantity of ability. Not so tough that it’s unimaginable, however it has to actually demand our consideration and require a reasonably excessive degree of ability. We’ve got to be targeted on it and never distracted. The exercise must be significant indirectly and can typically contain or provoke a way of timelessness. We’ve all skilled this earlier than. When you like mountaineering otherwise you’re engaged in enjoying music, or making a portray or one thing like that, and [then you’re] stunned or shocked by how a lot time has handed whereas [you’re] doing that. That’s [the] move state. After all, the actions that induce move differ from individual to individual, however the most typical ones are sports activities or out of doors actions, making artwork, enjoying music, or writing. Or routine repetitive actions like chopping wooden or washing the dishes also can induce a move state.

I feel the message from this research, no matter whether or not [or not] you’ve been affected by loneliness, however particularly if you’re, is to commonly do actions that put you in a move state. I feel this results in a life well-lived and a extra fulfilling and satisfying life, no matter your social connections. However I feel the contribution of this research that’s attention-grabbing is that, even once you’re feeling a way of social isolation, whether or not it’s associated to the pandemic or one thing else, these sorts of actions will help enhance your life satisfaction, even once you’re not in a position to instantly enhance these social connections. [It’s a] actually fascinating research, and [I’m] wanting ahead to seeing extra analysis alongside these traces.

Carcinogens in Sunscreen and the Most secure Sunscreen Choices

The final research for immediately checked out carcinogens in sunscreen. Summer season is coming, which suggests hotter [temperatures] and, for lots of us, extra time open air and extra solar publicity. So I need to make sure you’re selecting the very best and most secure sunscreen for those who’re going to be outdoors within the solar and utilizing sunscreen. Scientists have found no less than two totally different compounds in sunscreens which can be carcinogens, benzene and benzophenone. The issue is that neither of those compounds seem[s] on product labels, however [it] might be launched throughout the manufacturing course of or by chemical reactions throughout the sunscreen. In a single research, for instance, benzene was present in 43 out of 224 sunscreens and in 8 of 48 after-sun merchandise. The [U.S. Food and Drug Administration] itself means that no degree of benzene is protected, and it’s not permitted in these or some other merchandise. So when merchandise are found that comprise benzene, they should be faraway from the market as a result of it’s such a potent carcinogen.

In truth, I simply noticed a headline the opposite day that two widespread antiperspirants have been recalled off of the market as a result of [discovering] that they contained benzene. Benzene is a identified carcinogen in people based on the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], the Division of Well being and Human Companies, the World Well being Group, and different regulatory companies world wide. So that is undoubtedly a priority once we see these in sunscreens. However benzene and benzophenone usually are not the one chemical substances of concern in typical sunscreens, as I’ve mentioned earlier than. [Ultraviolet] (UV) filters like oxybenzone are additionally problematic. Oxybenzone is a compound that’s not secure when it’s uncovered to UV radiation, which is weird that [it] can be put in sunscreen as a result of, in fact, persons are utilizing sunscreen once they’re uncovered to UV radiation. Oxybenzone kinds reactive oxygen species. These are popularly known as free radicals and may trigger oxidative injury, which is certainly a precursor to most cancers. One UV filter, [phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid] (PBSA), has been proven to induce DNA injury in human pores and skin cells after publicity to [UV] rays.

And past the native results from [the] formation of those free radicals or reactive oxygen species, systemic toxicity is a priority as a result of these UV filters get absorbed into the bloodstream. Our pores and skin is a really porous barrier, which implies that no matter we placed on our pores and skin, we should always assume [is] going to get absorbed into our blood. From an evolutionary perspective, we didn’t have a motive to evolve a really tight, efficient pores and skin barrier as a result of we weren’t placing stuff on our pores and skin for the overwhelming majority of our evolutionary historical past. Our intestine barrier, when it’s intact, truly works fairly effectively in that regard, however our pores and skin doesn’t. So no matter we placed on our pores and skin can find yourself in our bloodstream. That’s one of many causes [why] it’s so necessary to make use of wholesome private care merchandise. Systemically, with these UV filters, one of many major considerations is their potential for endocrine disruption. Hormone imbalances. There are a number of animal and in vitro research which have discovered antagonistic developmental and reproductive results of those UV filters. That’s necessary for all of us, however much more necessary for youths and younger individuals. Placing these sunscreens on our children as they’re nonetheless creating their endocrine methods is perhaps particularly dangerous.

The most secure choice for sunscreen is one that may be a non-nanoparticle zinc oxide product. If that doesn’t make any sense to you, I’m going to direct you to the Environmental Working Group web site. They’ve a information to sunscreens [that lists] the very best sunscreens that don’t comprise these UV filters and benzene and benzophenone, and which can be zinc oxide-based and don’t have nanoparticles. They’re simply the cleanest, most secure merchandise. Environmental Working Group, we’ll put a hyperlink to it within the present notes. You can even Google “Environmental Working Group information to sunscreens” and you need to have the ability to discover it. They’ve additionally bought good ideas basically on how and when to make use of sunscreen and learn how to make good decisions when searching for sunscreen.

Okay, everyone. That’s it for now. Maintain sending your questions in to ChrisKresser.com/podcastquestion, and we’ll see you subsequent time.

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